Uso de antipsicóticos atípicos no tratamento da esquizofrenia no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil: estudo de coorte, 2008-2017 / Uso de antipsicóticos atípicos en el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil: estudio de 2008 a 2017 / Use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in the Brazilian National Health System: a cohort study, 2008-2017

Objective: to investigate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of users of atypical antipsychotics receiving care via the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica - CEAF), for the treatment of schizophrenia in Brazil, between 2008 and 2017. Methods: this was a retrospective cohort study using records of the authorizations for high complexity procedures retrieved from the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian National Health System, from all Brazilian states. Results: of the 759,654 users, 50.5% were female, from the Southeast region (60.2%), diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (77.6%); it could be seen a higher prevalence of the use of risperidone (63.3%) among children/adolescents; olanzapine (34.0%) in adults; and quetiapine (47.4%) in older adults; about 40% of children/adolescents were in off-label use of antipsychotics according to age; adherence to CEAF was high (82%), and abandonment within six months was 24%. Conclusion: the findings expand knowledge about the sociodemographic and clinical profile of users and highlight the practice of off-label use.

Objetivo: investigar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los usuarios de antipsicóticos atípicos, atendidos por el Componente Especializado de Asistencia Farmacéutica (CEAF) para el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia en Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo utilizando registros de autorizaciones de trámites de alta complejidad del Sistema de Información Ambulatorio del SUS, de todos los estados brasileños. Resultados: de los 759.654 usuários identificados, el 50,5% era del sexo feminino de la región Sudeste (60,2%), diagnosticadas con esquizofrenia paranoide (77,6%). Hubo una mayor prevalencia de risperidona (63,3%) entre niños y adolescentes; de olanzapina (34,0%) en adultos; y quetiapina (47,4%) en ancianos. Alrededor del 40% de los niños/adolescentes estaba bajo uso no autorizado de antipsicóticos según la edad. La adherencia al CEAF fue alta (82%), y la deserción a los seis meses fue del 24%. Conclusión: los hallazgos amplían el conocimiento sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de los usuarios y destacan la práctica del uso off-label.

Objetivo: investigar características sociodemográficas e clínicas de usuários de antipsicóticos atípicos assistidos pelo Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF), para tratamento da esquizofrenia no Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo utilizando registros das autorizações de procedimentos de alta complexidade do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde, de todos os estados brasileiros. Resultados: dos 759.654 usuários, 50,5% eram do sexo feminino, da região Sudeste (60,2%), diagnosticados com esquizofrenia paranoide (77,6%); observou-se maior prevalência de uso da risperidona (63,3%) entre crianças/adolescentes; de olanzapina (34,0%), em adultos; e quetiapina (47,4%), nos idosos; cerca de 40% das crianças/ adolescentes estavam sob uso off-label de antipsicóticos segundo a idade; a adesão ao CEAF foi alta (82%), e o abandono em seis meses foi de 24%. Conclusão: os achados ampliam o conhecimento sobre perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dos usuários e destacam a prática do uso off-label.

Tromboembolismo pulmonar como posible reacción adversa a Quetiapina Reporte de caso / Pulmonary thromboembolism as a possible adverse reaction to Quetiapine Case report

Resumen Algunos estudios sugieren que existe una relación entre el uso de antipsicóticos y el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) y embolia pulmonar (EP). Sin embargo, los resultados siguen sin ser concluyentes. Se trata del caso de un Masculino de 23 años con antecedentes de Esquizofrenia y Depresión tratado quetiapina 800 mg, el cual es encontrado muerto en la cama de un hotel. En la necropsia sin lesiones traumáticas visibles, hallazgos histológicos de tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo con infartos pulmonares secundarios. Laboratorio de Toxicología detectó la presencia de quetiapina, no se detectó alcohol o drogas de abusos. Mediante el Algoritmo De Karch & Lasagna Modificado el tromboembolismo pulmonar fue una reacción adversa con una probabilidad de relación causal posible. Se han informado muchos casos de muerte súbita causada por EP con la exposición a antipsicóticos, pero la relación de su uso y el riesgo de TEV y EP sigue siendo controvertida.

Abstract Some studies suggest a relationship between antipsychotic use and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the results remain inconclusive. This is the case of a 23-year-old male with a history of schizophrenia and depression treated with quetiapine 800 mg, who was found dead in a hotel bed. At necropsy with no visible traumatic lesions, histological findings of massive pulmonary thromboembolism with secondary pulmonary infarcts. Toxicology laboratory detected the presence of quetiapine, no alcohol or drugs of abuse were detected. Using the Modified Karch & Lasagna Algorithm, pulmonary thromboembolism was an adverse reaction with a probable causal relationship. Many cases of sudden death caused by PE have been reported with exposure to antipsychotics, but the relationship of their use and the risk of VTE and PE remains controversial.

Anorexia nervosa e o efeito no quadro clínico com o uso dos antipsicóticos / Anorexia nervosa and the effect on the clinical framework with the use of antipsychotics / Anorexia nervosa y el efecto sobre el marco clínico con el uso de antipsicóticos

Introdução:aanorexia nervosa caracteriza-se por um transtorno alimentar com quadro clínico típico de restrição dietética e desnutrição. Objetivo:verificar a eficácia do uso dos fármacos antipsicóticos olanzapina, quetiapina, risperidonano aumento ponderal de pacientes com tal patologia.Metodologia:utilizou-se de 9 Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados anexados na plataforma Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PubMed, sendo todos analisados a partir de critérios de inclusão e exclusão feitos aos pares para a realização de uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura.Os artigos foram avaliados através do sistema Grading of Recommendatons AssessmentDevelopment and Evaluaton/GRADE. Resultadose discussão:Percebeu-se a prevalência da olanzapina sobre o aumento do peso entre os pacientes com anorexia comparado ao placebo. Pouca eficácia sobre o ganho ponderal com relação a quetiapina. A risperidona não demonstroualteração do peso ao utilizá-ladurante o tratamento da anorexia nervosa.Conclusões:Os achados sugeriram que aolanzapina, apresentou oefeito mais significativo sobre o ganho de peso em um menor intervalo de tempo (AU).

Introduction:Anorexia nervosa is characterized by an eating disorder with a typical clinical of food restriction and malnutrition. Objective:to verify the effectiveness of the use of the antipsychotic drugs olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone in the weight gain of patients with this pathology. Methodology:9 Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT) were used attached to the Medical Literature Analysis andRetrieval System Online/PubMed/MEDLINE platform, all of which were analyzed based oninclusion and exclusion criteria made in pairs to carry out a Systematic Literature Review. Results and discussion:It was noticed the prevalence of olanzapine on weight gain among patients with anorexia compared to placebo. Little diligence on weight gain with regard to quetiapine. Risperine showed no weight change when used during the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Conclusions:The findings suggest that olanzapine had the most significant effect on weight gain in a short period (AU).

Introducción: La anorexia nerviosa se caracteriza por un trastorno alimentario con un cuadro clínico típico de restricción alimentaria y desnutrición. Objetivo: verificar la efectividad del uso de los medicamentos antipsicóticos olanzapina, quetiapina, risperidonaem el aumento de peso de pacientes con esta patología.Metodología: Se utilizaron 9 Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados (RCT) adjuntos a la plataforma Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online / PubMed (MEDLINE), todos fueron analizados en base a criterios de inclusión y exclusión realizados en pares para realizar una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura. Resultados y discusión:Se notó la prevalencia de la olanzapina en la ganancia de peso entre pacientes con anorexia en comparación con el placebo. Poca diligencia en la ganancia de peso con respecto a la quetiapina. Risperine no mostró cambios de peso cuando se usó durante el tratamiento de la anorexia nerviosa. Conclusiones:Los hallazgos sugieren que la olanzapina tuvo el efecto más significativo sobre el aumento de peso en un lapso de tiempo más corto (AU).

Analysis of potential drug interactions in medical clinic sector in a Hospital of João Pessoa - PB

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate drug interactions based on medical records of patients hospitalized in University Hospital Lauro Wanderley (UHLW) in João Pessoa-PB, Brazil. This was a quantitative, descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted in the medical clinic of the above hospital by analyzing pharmaceutical intervention in medical records. The investigated samples consisted of all medical profiles with drug interaction information of patients hospitalized from June 2016 to June 2017. Most of these drug interactions were determined and classified by Micromedex® Solutions database. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee in Institutional Human Research, protocol number 2.460.206. In total, 331 drug interactions were found in 131 medical profiles. Dipyrone, enoxaparin, sertraline, ondansetron, quetiapine, tramadol, bromopride, amitriptyline, and simvastatin were medications that showed highest interactions. According to Anatomical Therapy Classification (ATC), drugs that act on the central nervous system result in more interactions. The most prevalent interaction was between dipyrone and enoxaparin. Some limitations of this study are the lack of notifications and data on drug interactions.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by quetiapine poisoning: a case report / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Quetiapine is a psychotropic drug. Excessive use of quetiapine may lead to drowsiness, blurred vision, respiratory depression, hypotension and extrapyramidal reactions. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is rare due to overdose of quetiapine. On 14 February 2020, a patients with coma, respiratory arrest and hypotension due to overdose of quetiapine were admitted to our hospital. After receiving mechanical ventilation、plasma adsorption and anti-inflammatory treatment, the patient's consciousness turned clear, the machine was successfully removed and extubated, and the patient's condition was improved and discharged from hospital. We analyzed the clinical data of the patient with quetiapine poisoning, and discussed the clinical symptoms and chest CT characteristics of ARDS caused by quetiapine poisoning, in order to improve the understanding of quetiapine poisoning and improve the success rate of rescue.

Estudio de utilización de psicofármacos en usuarios de la policlínica del Hospital Vilardebó con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia (años 2006 y 2016) / Study of the use of psychotropic drugs in users of the Vilardebó Hospital polyclinic with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (2006 and 2016)

El tratamiento farmacológico de demostrada eficacia en la esquizofrenia es el antipsicótico. Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones se requiere medicación concomitante que depende de comorbilidades y efectos adversos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, retrospectivo, considerando el año 2006 y 2016, en una población de usuarios con esquizofrenia de la Policlínica del Hospital Vilardebó, analizando los tratamientos con psicofármacos. Se diferenciaron los tratamientos según monoterapia antipsicótica y polifarmacia con 2 antipsicóticos, y polifarmacia con más de 2 antipsicóticos, antidepresivos, estabilizantes del humor, benzodiacepinas y anticolinérgicos. La población inicial en 2006 fue de 621 pacientes y 398 pacientes continuaban en tratamiento en 2016. Mantuvieron el trata-miento con antipsicóticos 377 pacientes; 184 mantuvieron benzodiacepinas; 59 se mantuvieron con anticolinérgicos; 49, con estabilizantes del humor y 47, con antidepresivos. La monoterapia antipsicótica se presentó en torno al 50 % de la población estudiada. Se deberían revisar aquellas prácticas que se infieren a partir de este estudio, como el uso prolongado de anticolinérgicos, benzodiacepinas, y polifarmacia con más de 2 antipsicóticos, que está extendida en los usuarios con esquizofrenia. El tratamiento con clozapina fue el más estable y no parece aumentar la mortalidad en estos pacientes

Antipsychotics are the proved effective therapy for schizophrenia. However, on many occasions, associated drugs are required depending on comorbidities and side effects. A retrospective longitudinal quantitative study of drug prescription for 2006 and 2016 in patients with schizophrenia diagnosis was carried out in an outpatient clinic at Hospital Vilardebó. Treatments were classified as antipsychotic monotherapy, two antipsychotic drugs polypharmacy and polypharmacy with two antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines and anticholinergic drugs. Initial population in 2006 included 621 patients, 398 were still being treated in 2016. Antipsychotic drugs were still being received in 377 patients, benzodiazepines in 184, anticholinergic drugs in 59, mood stabilizers in 49, and anti-depressants in 47. Antipsychotic monotherapy was 50% of the population. Those practices that can be inferred from this study, with lengthy use of anticholinergic drugs, benzodiazepines, and the use of more than 2 antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia diagnosis should be revised. Clozapine therapy was the most stable and does not seem to increase mortality.

Para el abordaje de depresión en adolescentes: guía de práctica clínica / For the management of depression in adolescents: clinical practice guideline

Generar recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible acerca de la entrega de respecto a la pesquisa, diagnóstico y tratamiento de adolescentes con depresión. Adolescentes sospecha o diagnóstico de depresión, que reciben atención en el nivel primario, secundario y terciario de salud en el sector público y privado de salud. Todos los profesionales de salud con responsabilidades en la atención de adolescentes con depresión. Las recomendaciones de esta Guía fueron elaboradas de acuerdo al sistema "Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation" (GRADE). Luego de priorizadas las preguntas a responder, se realizó la búsqueda y la síntesis de evidencia, para finalmente generar las recomendaciones a través del juicio del Panel de Expertos.

Eficácia e segurança de Aripiprazol comparado a outros agentes potencializadores no tratamento de depressão refratária revisão rápida de evidências / Effectiveness and safety of Aripiprazole compared to other augmentative agents for treatment of resistant depression: rapid review of evidence

Tecnologia: Aripiprazol, antipsicóticos atípicos disponíveis no Sistema Único de Saúde, outras classes de potencializadores de tratamento depressivo. Indicação: Depressão refratária. Pergunta: Há diferenças de eficácia e segurança entre o Aripiprazol, Ziprasidona, Olanzapina, Quetiapina e Risperidona como agente potencializador do tratamento de depressão refratária? Há diferenças de eficácia e segurança entre as principais classes de drogas potencializadoras do tratamento de depressão refratária? Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado na base de dados PUBMED, seguindo estratégias de buscas predefinidas. Foi feita a avaliação da qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas com a ferramenta Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews version 2. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 3 revisões sistemáticas, que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: Na potencialização do tratamento antidepressivo, o Aripiprazol, em dose padrão ou dose diária reduzida, não é superior à Quetiapina, Olanzapina/Fluoxetina ou Risperidona em desfechos de eficácia ou segurança para casos de depressão refratária com pelo menos uma falha terapêutica prévia. As diferentes classes de potencializadores de antidepressivos não diferem entre si nos desfechos de eficácia para casos de depressão refratária com duas ou mais falhas terapêuticas prévias. Ziprasidona e Quetiapina se mostraram mais eficazes que o placebo e seguros para promover remissão sintomática da depressão refratária

Technology: Aripiprazole, atypical antipsychotics available in the Brazilian Public Health System, other classes of augmentative antidepressant agent. Indication: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Question: Are there differences in efficacy and safety between Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Risperidone as augmentative agent in the treatment of TRD? Are there differences in efficacy and safety between the main classes of augmentative drugs that enhance the treatment of TRD? Methods: A bibliographic survey was carried out in the PUBMED database, following predefined search strategies. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews version 2 tool. Results: 3 systematic reviews were selected that met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: In potentiating antidepressant treatment, Aripiprazole, in standard dose or reduced daily dose, is not superior to Quetiapine, Olanzapine/fluoxetine or Risperidone in efficacy or safety outcomes for cases of TRD with at least one previous therapeutic failure. The different classes of antidepressant enhancers do not differ in efficacy outcomes for cases of TRD with two or more prior therapeutic failures. Ziprasidone and Quetiapine were more effective than placebo and safer for the outcome of symptomatic remission of TRD

Eficácia e segurança de Aripiprazol comparado aos antipsicóticos disponíveis no SUS para tratamento de Esquizofrenia em adultos: revisão rápida de evidências / Compared effectiveness and safety of Aripiprazol and antipsychotics available on Brazilian Public Health System for treatment of Schizophrenic adults: a rapid review of evidence

Tecnologia: Aripiprazol, antipsicóticos disponíveis no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Indicação: Tratamento da esquizofrenia em adultos. Pergunta: O Aripiprazol é mais eficaz e seguro para promover controle sintomático, que os antipsicóticos disponíveis no SUS? Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado em bases de dados PUBMED, com estratégias estruturadas de busca, e a qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada com a ferramenta AMSTAR II. Resultados: Foram identificados 109 resumos de revisões sistemáticas. Após leitura dos mesmos, foram selecionadas 2 revisões sistemáticas. Conclusão: Aripiprazol tem eficácia e segurança similar à Ziprasidona e Haloperidol, mas eficácia semelhante e maior segurança metabólica que a Quetiapina, Olanzapina, Clozapina e Risperidona. Ziprasidona apresenta vantagem sobre o Aripiprazol, pois tem menor risco de efeito colateral de mudanças na função sexual. Considerando que o perfil de eficácia e segurança do Aripiprazol é muito parecido com o dos outros antipsicóticos disponíveis no SUS, com mínimas diferenças, e seu custo de tratamento é inferior ao da Ziprasidona e Quetiapina, essa droga poderia estar disponível no SUS

Technology: Aripiprazole, antipsychotics available in the Brazilian Public Health System (BPHS). Indication: Treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Question: Is Aripiprazole more effective and safer to promote symptomatic control than antipsychotics available in BPHS? Methods: A bibliographic survey was carried out in PUBMED databases, with structured search strategies, and the methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR II tool. Results: 109 abstracts of systematic reviews were identified. After reading them, 2 systematic reviews were selected. Conclusion: Aripiprazole has identical effectiveness and safety to Ziprasidone and Haloperidol, but similar efficacy and greater safety than Quetiapine, Olanzapine, Clozapine and Risperidone. Ziprasidone has an advantage over Aripiprazole as it has a lower risk of side effects of changes in sexual function. Since the Aripiprazole's effectiveness and safety profile is very similar to profile of others antipsychotics available in BPHS, with minimal differences, and it has cost lower than Ziprasidone and Quetiapine, this drug could be available in BPHS

Health-related quality of life in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics

Objective: To assess health-related quality of life and associated factors in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, as well as to determine utility values using the EuroQol-5D-3L instrument. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a state-run pharmacy in the Brazilian National Health System. Individuals were included if they were using a single atypical antipsychotic and completed the EuroQol-5D-3L. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected. The dependent variable was the EuroQol-5D-3L utility score. Associations between the independent variables and the dependent variable were analyzed in a multiple linear regression model. Results: A total of 394 patients were included, and their mean utility score was 0.664±0.232. Patients treated with clozapine had the highest mean score (0.762 [0.202]), followed by olanzapine (0.687 [0.230]), risperidone (0.630 [0.252]), ziprasidone (0.622 [0.234]), and quetiapine (0.620 [0.243]). The following variables were related to higher utility scores: income, employment, clozapine use, no illicit psychoactive substance use, no suicide attempts, and no comorbidities. Conclusion: Evaluating health-related quality of life differences in the available atypical antipsychotics can facilitate the choice of treatment, improve health outcomes, and ensure rational prescriptions.

High Doses of Drugs Extensively Metabolized by CYP3A4 Were Needed to Reach Therapeutic Concentrations in Two Patients Taking Inducers / Dos pacientes que tomaban inductores necesitaron dosis altas de medicamentos metabolizados en gran medida por el CYP3A4 para alcanzar concentraciones terapéuticas

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the last 20 years of clinical practice, the senior author has identified these 2 rare cases in which the patients needed extremely high doses of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 to reach and maintain serum therapeutic concentrations. Methods: The high metabolic ability of these 2 patients was demonstrated by the low concentration-to-dose ratios (C/D ratios) of several drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Results: Case 1 was characterized by a history of high carbamazepine doses (up to 2,000 mg/day) and needed 170 mg/day of diazepam in 2 days to cooperate with dental cleaning. The high activity of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme was manifested by fast metabolism for quetiapine and diazepam, which took more than 1 year to normalize after the inducer, phenytoin, was stopped. Case 2 was also very sensitive to CYP3A4 inducers as indicated by very low C/D ratios for carbamazepine, risperidone and paliperidone. The carbamazepine (2,800 mg/day) and risperidone (20 mg/day) dosages for this second patient are the highest doses ever seen for these drugs by the senior author. Risperidone induction appeared to last for many months and metabolism was definitively normal 3 years after stopping carbamazepine. On the other hand, olanzapine C/D ratios were normal for induction. Conclusions: The literature has never described similar cases of very high doses of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. We speculate that these 2 patients may have unusual genetic profiles at the nuclear receptor levels; these receptors regulate induction of drugs.

RESUMEN Introducción: Durante sus últimos 20 años de práctica, el último autor ha identificado estos 2 infrecuentes casos que necesitaban dosis extremadamente altas de medicaciones metabolizadas por el CYP3A4 para alcanzar y mantener concentraciones séricas terapéuticas. Métodos: La gran capacidad metabólica de estos 2 pacientes se demostró por los bajos cocientes entre concentración y dosis (C/D) de varias medicaciones metabolizadas por el CYP3A4. Resultados: El caso 1 se caracterizaba por una historia de altas dosis de carbamazepina (1.500 mg/día) y la necesidad de tomar 170 mg de diazepam en 2 días para facilitar una limpieza dental. La gran actividad de la isoenzima CYP3A4 se manifestó por una gran capacidad metabólica de quetiapina y diazepam, cuya normalización tardó más de 1 año tras la toma de un inductor, fenitoína. El caso 2 tambien era muy sensible a la inducción, lo cual se demuestra por los bajos cocientes C/D de carbamazepina, risperidona y paliperidona. Las dosis de carbamazepina (2.800 mg/día) y risperidona (20 mg/día) de este segundo paciente son las más altas nunca vistas por el último autor. La inducción de risperidona duró muchos meses y su metabolismo era normal 3 años después de interrumpir la carbamazepina. El cociente C/D de olanzapina era normal para la inducción. Conclusiones: Nunca se habían descrito casos similares de dosis tan altas de medicaciones metabolizadas por el CYP3A4. Se especula con que estos pacientes podrían tener unos perfiles genéticos inusuales en los receptores nucleares que regulan la inducción de medicamentos.

Metabolic dysregulation in early onset psychiatric disorder before and after exposure to antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic Drugs (APDs) are being widely prescribed to treat various disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; however, abnormal glucose metabolism and weight gain have been reported with Atypical Anti-Psychotic drugs (AAPDs) that can lead to insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study was designed to assess various biochemical parameters including insulin and blood sugar before and after exposure to APDs in order to exclude the involvement of psychiatric disorders and certain other factors in metabolic dysregulations. Fifty seven APDs-naïve patients with first episode psychosis were divided into six groups who received olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, haloperidol or combination of olanzapine with escitalopram and haloperidol. The serum samples were taken before the intake of the first dose and then on follow-up. Decrease in the level of elevated insulin and glucose was observed post-treatment in some patients, while others were observed whose insulin and glucose levels increased post-treatment, yet some patients did not show any disturbance in the insulin and glucose levels. It is concluded that psychiatric disorders by itself, narcotics, cigarette smoking and use of oral snuff may be also be implicated in metabolic dysregulations. The effects of APDs on insulin and glucose in healthy volunteers might be different than in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Korean Medication Algorithm for Bipolar Disorder 2018: Comparisons with Other Treatment Guidelines

The objective of this study was to compare recommendations of the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder 2018 (KMAP-BP 2018) with other recently published guidelines for treating bipolar disorder. We reviewed a total of five recently published global treatment guidelines and compared treatment recommendation of the KMAP-BP 2018 with those of other guidelines. For initial treatment of mania, there were no significant differences across treatment guidelines. All guidelines recommended mood stabilizer (MS) or atypical antipsychotic (AAP) monotherapy or a combination of an MS with an AAP as a first-line treatment strategy for mania. However, the KMAP-BP 2018 did not prefer monotherapy with MS or AAP for psychotic mania. Quetiapine, olanzapine and aripiprazole were the first-line AAPs for nearly all phases of bipolar disorder across guidelines. Most guidelines advocated newer AAPs as first-line treatment options for all phases while lamotrigine was recommended for depressive and maintenance phases. Lithium and valproic acid were commonly used as MSs in all phases of bipolar disorder. As research evidence accumulated over time, recommendations of newer AAPs (such as asenapine, cariprazine, paliperidone, lurasidine, long-acting injectable risperidone and aripiprazole once monthly) became prominent. KMAP-BP 2018 guidelines were similar to other guidelines, reflecting current changes in prescription patterns for bipolar disorder based on accumulated research data. Strong preference for combination therapy was characteristic of KMAP-BP 2018, predominantly in the treatment of psychotic mania and severe depression. Further studies were needed to address several issues identified in our review.

Ischemic Stroke after Overdose of Oral Quetiapine

No abstract available.

First Manic Episode in a Young Woman with Schizophrenia after Initiation of Oral Aripiprazole and Aripiprazole Long-Acting Injection / 우울ㆍ조울병

A woman in her twenties with schizophrenia developed immediate-onset mania after taking oral aripiprazole and receiving aripiprazole long-acting injection (ALAI). The dosage of aripiprazole was rapidly increased due to inadequate stimulating effect of low-dosage aripiprazole, but her manic symptomatology worsened. Clinicians should therefore carefully monitor for the induction of mania by oral aripiprazole and ALAI. Her manic symptomatology improved after adding 20 mg of blonanserin, 3 mg of risperidone, and 300 mg of quetiapine.

Pharmacological and Neuromodulatory Treatments for Panic Disorder: Clinical Trials from 2010 to 2018

OBJECTIVE: Treatment for panic disorder (PD) have evolved, although there is still a strong unmet need for more effective and tolerable options. The present study summarizes and discusses recent evidence regarding the pharmacological and neuromodulatory treatment of PD. METHODS: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and Thomson Reuters’s Web of Science were searched for clinical trials published between 2010 and 2018. We included all prospective experimental studies including randomized controlled trials (RCT) and other clinical trials with more than 10 patients. RESULTS: Only 11 articles met the inclusion criteria, including 4 RCT, 3 open clinical trials and 5 comparative clinical trials. RCT demonstrated efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in only one of two trials. Neither pindolol nor d-fenfluramine were effective in blocking flumazenil-induced panic attacks. Augmentation with quetiapine was not superior to placebo. Open trials indicated that escitalopram, vortioxetine and TMS may be effective. Comparative trials did not demonstrate superiority from any drug, but confirmed tranylcypromine, paroxetine, clonazepam and alprazolam as effective options. CONCLUSION: The current study confirmed the efficacy of tranylcypromine, paroxetine, clonazepam, alprazolam and escitalopram. Vortioxetine and TMS, with duration of 4 or more weeks, also seems to be effective. Quetiapine, pindolol and d-fenfluramine were not considered effective compounds.

Amenorrhea as a Side Effect of Low Dose Aripiprazole: An Adolescent Case

Amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, galactorrhoea, gynecomastia, infertility, and sexual dysfunction may arise as a consequence of hyperprolactinemia. Hyperprolactinemia is one of major side effects of treatment with antipsychotics, but aripiprazole is known as a dopamine stabilizer antipsychotic which can be used to improve hyperprolactinemia. In this report, it was described that an adolescent patient experienced amenorrhea after adding very low dose aripiprazole to ongoing fluoxetine treatment regime for major depressive disorder. Additionally, this case showed that the patient recovered from the amenorrhea with replacement of aripiprazole with quetiapine.

Pharmacological Treatment Strategies for Acute Bipolar Depression / 신경정신의학

Of the different phases of bipolar disorder, bipolar depression is more prevailing and is more difficult to treat. However, there is a deficit in systemic research on the pharmacological treatment of acute bipolar depression. Therefore, consensuses on the pharmacological treatment strategies of acute bipolar depression has yet to be made. Currently, there are only three drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for acute bipolar depression : quetiapine, olanzapine-fluoxetine complex, and lurasidone. In clinical practice, other drugs such as mood stabilizers (lamotrigine, lithium, valproate) and/or the other atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, risperidone, ziprasidone) are frequently prescribed. There remains controversy on the use of antidepressants in bipolar depression. Here, we summarized the evidence of current pharmacological treatment options and reviewed treatment guidelines of acute bipolar depression from recently published studies.

Strategies of Using Antipsychotics in Patients with Bipolar Disorders / 신경정신의학

Bipolar disorder is a recurrent chronic condition and patients usually continue long-term medication from young age to prevent the recurrence of mood episodes. Antipsychotics play an important role in acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, even when patients experience no psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics are also used in monotherapy and combination therapy involving mood stabilizers such as lithium or valproate. However, limited antipsychotics are currently approved by the US Food & Drug Administration ; 10 kinds of antipsychotics were approved for manic or mixed episodes, 3 for bipolar depression, and 5 for maintenance therapy. Before and after the use of antipsychotics, psychiatrists should carefully monitor baseline weight, pulse, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose or HbA1c, blood lipid profile, and electrocardiogram to evaluate QTc prolongation. During manic episodes or mixed features, antipsychotics rapidly control agitation, aggression, and impulsivity. Repetitive injections of typical antipsychotics are not implemented in bipolar patients as this practice is not evidence-based. However, long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotics are approved and feature support on maintenance therapy for bipolar patients. Although recent studies have shown the benefits of aripiprazole and olanzapine on rapid-cycling bipolar patients, few studies support the effectiveness of antipsychotics in suicide prevention. Moreover, while there is extensive evidence on the effectiveness of lithium in suicide or self-harm prevention. In conclusion, antipsychotics, especially aripiprazole, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, are effective to manage bipolar disorder in clinical settings. But weight gain and cardiac conductance should be carefully monitored before and during the use of antipsychotics.